K.+Tom

__ISLAM BIOETHICS ASSIGNMENT__

Explain how the ethical teachings of Islam influence the life of the adherents in the following are of bioethics ?? Two examples of bioethical issues to support your explanation Bioethics concerns itself with the ethical questions that come about in the relationship between biology and medicine, the research and practice in these areas and connections with politics and law. The fundamental desire is to follow the will of god the conflicting understanding in the decision make what is gods will not an easy thing to define. Some Examples of bioethical issues are abortion and euthanasia when making a decision on these issues a Muslim must refers to the process of jurisprudence as well as take into a count their core ethical teachings the 7 articles of faith, 5 pillars, the Quran and the Hadith. The process of jurisprudence ultimately looks for an outcome of harmony, peace, justice and submission to god every Muslim must follow this. The 5 pillars, the 7 articles of faith, Quran and Hadith are all linked back to Muslims and their submission to Allah by following these ethical teachings and the process of jurisprudence they are submitting to Allah. Muslims submission to Allah is important as they believe in the sanctity of life, life is given by Allah and only Allah has the power over life and death

process of jurisprudence involves;

Identifying the issue to be resolved Obtaining what the Qur’an and Faddish say about this issue Qiyas (precedents that assists in the decision making process) Ijima (an analogy of the previous things that are combined to achieve a consensus) Fiqh (the decision drawn from this consensus) Fatwa (a final decision made by a judge or an Islamic scholar if a Fiqh is unclear) 5 pillars shahada, salat, zakat, swan and hajj. 7 articles of faith 1- Belief in the Oneness of God: 2- Belief in the Angels of God 3- Belief in the Revelations (Books) of Go 4- Belief in the Prophets of God 5- Belief in the Day of Judgment 6- Belief in Premeasurement (Qadar) 7- Belief in Resurrection after Death

Abortion refers to the premature, intentional termination of the life of a foetus. Muslims believe that abortion interferes with Allah’s role as the “author” of life and death, and therefore defines the act of abortion as haram or prohibited. With the Hadith, Qur’an and sunna all not stating any heavily related writings on abortion, all three sources specify the civil write against killing. “Slay not your children…the killing of them is a great sin” (Surah 17:13) As the foetus is seen as human life created by Allah, abortion is forbidden because it is the killing of a child, which is regarded as a great sin and denies the sanctity of life. "In Islam life is sacred: every moment of life has great value, even if it is of poor quality. The saving of life is a duty ad the unwarranted taking of life is a grave sin" (the 1981 Islamic code of Medical Ethics)

Islam recommends the protection of human health, and to avoid harm this links back to the process of jurisprudence with its ultimate purpose being able to avoid harm and finding a fair and just way to find a result including when looking for an answer within relation to bioethical issues. Bioethical issues have many aspects there are religious, medical and social. A fundamental of religion is the saving of lives. "Whosoever has spared the life of all people. Whosoever has killed a life it is as though he has murdered all of making" (Qur'an 5:32). Muslims regard abortion as forbidden, however under some circumstances abortion may be accepted.

Muslims believe that a foetus in the womb is acknowledged and protected as human life after the first 120 days. If the pregnancy puts the mother in any harm or danger all schools of Muslims accept the termination of the foetus. But with Many different schools comes many different views with the different schools permitting abortion after different times, some after 7 weeks and others after 16 weeks it just depends on the school itself.

Even though abortion is believed as Haram within islam, there are few rare circumstances where Abortion is permitted, provided there is a good clear cut reason behind it. One of these reasons could be to save the life of the mother giving birth as this would be seen as the "lesser of two evils" and regards this as “Sanctity of Life”. Identifying the lesser of two evils is adopted from Sharia’a Law, the Islamic way of life. The mother’s life is part of a family and is well established.

Euthanasia, “is the act of practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition, through lethal injection or the suspension of extraordinary medical treatment”. The ending of human life to relieve them from suffering, sickness or disability. Islam acknowledges life, no matter of quality or condition to be sacred only Allah can choose the adherents time of death. ‘Islamic adherents know that they are not the complete owner of their life, Allah is the owner of all his creations, and only Allah can choose how long each human life lasts. “And no person can ever die except by Allahs leave and at an appointed term” (Qu’ran 3:145)

The Qu’ran explains the sacredness meaning of life, and in relation to Euthanasia as not one of the accepted reasons for which the killing of a human is haram. Islamic scholarly interpretations of the Qur’an states the propose that suffering is a divinely ordained trial which reveals God’s purpose for humanity. Whatever hardship one must face, if done with patience, it will increase your position with Allah, which connects to the adherents strive to submit to the divine will. “For those who suffer will truly receive reward without measure” (Qur’an).

Muslims are motivated to keep a positive and open mind set to their pain or illness and to push through the difficult times. Helping the sick is an act of charity and compassion which conveys real submission to Allah. Islamic law says it is only acceptable to switch off the life support if he/she is brain dead. The issue of medical treatment is also debatable, and in some cases it is acceptable to stop medical treatment if it is proved to be meaningless and allows comfort and relief for family. This argument can change between scholars, with many labelling medical treatment as valid. In regards to switching off life support, its acceptable if the patient appears to be brain dead. But this can only take place after heavy discussion and if the machine no more meaningful use to the patient.

In conclusion, the Islamic ethical teachings impact the adherent in way of the decision they make in regards to bioethics. Abortion and euthanasia are both looked at in-depth when being considered by an Islamic adherent due to the ethical teachings of Islam.The fundamental desire is to follow the will of god. By Muslims following the 5 pillars, 7 articles of faith, Quaran and Hadith they are follwing the will of god and submitting to Allah. The process of jurisprudence ultimately looks for an outcome of harmony, peace, justice and submission to god every Muslim must follow this. By following the process they are submitting to Allah.

Bibliography The class text book http://www.mountainoflight.co.uk/spiritual_articles.html

RELIGION ASSIGNMENT ( PAUL ) Within Christianity the worlds largest religion there are people who have initiated change that has helped shape Christianity. Paul previously known as Saul is one of these significant people. Apart from Jesus, Paul is the most influential figure in the New Testament. Within the New Testament thirteen of the twenty-seven documents are the letters attributed to Paul. More then half of the Acts of the Apostles describes Paul’s activities and his spread of the good news concerning Jesus. Paul is the apostle to the Gentiles. He travelled in the then known world from Israel to parts of Europe (he mentioned also Spain in one of the epistles). He went from house to house and preached in Jewish synogues proclaiming the gospel even in prison. He discipled new converts who in turn spread the gospel so that it reached many parts of the world. Paul’s contribution to Christianity is un measurable as many say he could be considered as the second founder of the religion. St Paul has contributed greatly to the development and religious expressions of Christianity. His education as a Pharisee under rabbi Gameliel gave him an excellent rabbinical and scriptural background for writing, teaching and debating holding a context of high authority as he was able to establish that Jesus from Nazareth was the messiah due to his knowledge of the old testament as well as the covenant. Anyone of Paul’s achievements would have made him a significant figure in the history of Christianity, Paul was a quite remarkable person and had many different qualifications he was a teacher, theologian, missionary, writer and a rebel in challenging the leadership of the early church to make Christianity inclusive. Paul’s writings, ethical demands, work as a missionary. Challenge to his followers and teachings on salvation are all major achievements in his life. All of these achievements contributed to the development and expressions of Christianity.

The new testament consist of just over a quarter of Paul’s writings. Paul also had many letters which he wrote ( epistles ) these letters are the earliest Christian writings on record and were written for the early Christian communities give them direction and guidance. These writings are that important that they contributed to the gospels as the authors of the gospels were greatly influenced by them all.

Paul interpreted the teachings of Jesus. Once Saul became Paul travelled to Jerusalem to spread the word of the lord. Jewish Christians believed, that non-Jews had to convert to Judaism, once converting they then had to follow the Law of Moses. Paul’s letters addressed all of the communities needs and questions. Every epistle (letter) had been written in Greek, to encourage people in life and their faith. Paul outlining the ethical demands of being a Christian. He reminded everyone hat the church was the body of Christ. He said that people needed to work together and for each other, communities needed to work with each other and to live a life as modelled by Jesus this was all in the benefit of the whole community. The ethical demands outlined by Paul are an important contribution to the development of Christianity because he had outlined the way in which adherents had to live their lives, to love God with all our heart, mind, body and soul and to love thy neighbour. Meaning to love God ,showing compassion to those in the community, to be fair to everyone you meet. While working as a missionary Paul managed to make a significant amount of development towards Christianity establishing churches in centres of the Hellenic world Corinth, philippi and Antioch. Paul managed to help grow and expand Christianity he took it from a Jewish sect existing in Palestine to a religion reaching the known world Asia, Egypt and Gaul were all areas which Christianity spread to because of Paul. When using the name Christian he had spoken in a positive way, while those before him had used it in a derogatory way, he changed the way people thought and of Christians he changes peoples perspective of Christianity. Paul opened up a challenge directed at the first followers of Jesus. The challenge was to accept gentiles and Jews into the community of the faithful. This lead to the religion spreading even further as it aloud freedom from the laws of kashrus for all Gentile Christians. This meant they no longer had to follow the dietary regulations of Judaism; food in accord with halachah the jewish law only meat from particular species is permissible. This contributed and was significant to the expressions of Christianity as he gave the religion yet another chance to grow and expand. The resurrection of Jesus Christ on his teachings on salvation are central to Paul’s theology and had a great impact on the work of theologians such as saint Augustine, Martin Luther, John Calvin and more. Paul taught that Jesus was the son of god who was sent to overcome the power of sin ( romans 6:22 ) and that his death and resurrection was the saving event of all people. His teaching on salvation were extremely important in the development of Christianity because he explained of the death and resurrection of Christ allowed the works of fellow theologians create their scriptures about Jesus Christ, form these scriptures more adherents would have been able to understand his work and have basic knowledge of the importance of repenting and how Jesus died for our sins. The details on Paul’s life after 60ce are not clear but many theories blame his death on the Roman authorities. Paul was under great protection with his status as a Roman citizen provided but his commitment to Christianity eventually cost him his life under the reign of Emperor Nero St Paul made an impact as an apostle, as a theologian and as a letter writer, Paul the apostle had expanded the church far and wide, welcoming all gentiles. Fighting for his conviction that the gospel was for all people and that no barriers should be enforced stopping people from having faith. Paul the theologian was the first the work through many of the intriguing and philosophical questions which Jesus, life death and resurrection brought about. Paul the letter writer gave us not only some of the most profoundest pieces of early Christian theological refection, but also some of the finest writings in history which have been used as a source of spiritual renewal at crucial time during the history of Christianity eg the protestant and catholic reformations, his writings on grace, salvation, free will, and the imitation of Christ has influenced future theologians such as Luther and Augustine.

Paul is an important figure for all denominations of Christianity and his contribution is far-reaching. Paul is largely responsible for the expansion and progress of Christianity and considered Christianity’s second founder. his contribution remains sustained on the development and establishment of Christian faith today. To this day His writings are being used by modern day adherents in education of faith and Christian guidelines for activities in daily lives His work included his scriptural texts being his epistles, preaching to fellow communities of Jesus’ teachings and practices and converting others to become Christian. Paul’s most significant contribution was his establishing the written tradition of Christianity. Paul’s written form of Christianity was through epistles these documents stated how adherents should live their lives. Examples of his epistles are: The First Letter to the Thessalonians: His main purpose of this letter was to affirm to even grater progress in their new faith. Though Timothy noted some confusion regarding the second coming of Jesus and the fate of those Christians who would not be alive for the second coming of Christ. Paul insists that those adherents who die before then, they will still participate in the glorious coming of the Lord. The impact of Paul upon Christianity is shown through his explanation to early Christians the message and mission of Jesus Christ. Throughout his many journey’s Paul preached the word of the lord, educating those who eventually converted to Christian faith. Paul spread the message of Christianity in the Graeco-Roman world, establishing Christian communities there and in surrounding areas. Paul’s goal was the concept of the universal Church open to all, which grew from the sect of Judaism. ‘Gentile of Jew, servant or free’ (Galataians 3:28), Paul describes in his writings that Christianity accepts all kinds and does not discriminate, therefore the Christian faith being universal. “Interpretations of Paul’s teachings through history have seen different understandings of how that belief is expressed. What began as a means by which Gentiles could access salvation has led to divisions that have serpared expressions of Christianity up to today.” (class textbook)

Paul allowed the translation of the message of Christianity from its Palestinian origins to the urban environment of the Graeco-Roman world. He established the faith meaningful by all cultures and religions and enabled Christianity to remain significant to a range of situations different from Jesus. Christian communities formed in house churches which provided a house for adherents of the Christian faith to meet and share a meal over discussion. “Membership of the Hellenic Christian church was different and included tradespeople as well as nobility or the wealthy, such as the cloth merchant Lydia (Acts 16:11-15, 40)” (class textbook)

Paul’s writings were composed of ideas and teachings about the nature of Jesus himself, as human and divine. His letters were the earliest Christian writings and influenced the authors of the Gospels and His epistles were written to give guidance to early Christian communities. Paul wrote about the theology of Jesus Christ and the church in various letters to Church communities. It was in 325 CE that The Council of Nicaea debated the nature of Jesus and established the doctrine of the trinity, which wiped Paul’s already defined clarity. Paul’s sources provide guidelines for adherents about how to live their lives through Christian faith, offering guidance in ethics. Paul also warned Christians to live a life that is worthy, “we are God’s work of art” (Ephesians 2) Through his behaviour and writings, Paul exemplified the way a Christian should live their life, providing inspiration for new followers that it is possible to undergo a “metanoiac” experience and repent previous actions. The clear fact that Paul not only changed his beliefs but also his behaviour is at the essence of religious adherence and has retained its importance in the life of contemporary Christians.

His writings are also used at marriage and funeral ceremonies, as well as by some feminist in feminist theology.

Brief summary Paul’s contribution to development Reform, reinterpretation, redirection, expansion Paul’s contribution to expressions Principle beliefs, scared text and writing, core ethical teaching, devotion and ritual Paul’s significance to Christianity Contemporary influence, to later generations, to the whole tradition

=**Significant Person: Paul of Tarsus.**= = = =**Activity 1:**= · // Read the following references. // · // What do they tell us about Paul? //

Paul's Early Life
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· Acts 21:39

 * 39**Paul answered, "I am a Jew, from Tarsus in Cilicia, a citizen of no ordinary city. Please let me speak to the people."

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What anyone else dares to boast about—I am speaking as a fool—I also dare to boast about. **22**Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they Abraham's descendants? So am I. paul is saying that he has the same rights as any other jews ======


 * 5**circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the law, a Pharisee;

· Acts 22:25-28
**25**As they stretched him out to flog him, Paul said to the centurion standing there, "Is it legal for you to flog a Roman citizen who hasn't even been found guilty?" "Yes, I am," he answered. "But I was born a citizen," Paul replied.
 * 26**When the centurion heard this, he went to the commander and reported it. "What are you going to do?" he asked. "This man is a Roman citizen."
 * 27**The commander went to Paul and asked, "Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?"
 * 28**Then the commander said, "I had to pay a big price for my citizenship."

· Acts 23:6

 * 6**Then Paul, knowing that some of them were Sadducees and the others Pharisees, called out in the Sanhedrin, "My brothers, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee. I stand on trial because of my hope in the resurrection of the dead."

=**Activity 2:**= ** Paul's First Missionary Journey ** (Acts 13:1 - 28:31)

// It was during Paul's first missionary activity that a turning point was marked in early Church history. //

· What is this turning point? · Who were Paul's companions?

Read the account of Paul's first sermon in Antioch in Pisidia. (Acts 13:14-50) · What key events of salvation history does he mention? · What promises, made by God, does he review? · What does he preach about Jesus Christ?

Read Acts 13:42-49. · What was the response of many of the Jewish communities to Paul's message? · Who accepted Paul's message with open arms?

· Where did Paul's first missionary journey take him

The importance of marriage to Judaism

Marriage within Judaism is considered central to Jewish life therefore the ideal state of personal existence for all individuals“… a man without a wife, or a woman without a husband is incomplete…” until they are brought together as one and therefore become whole. Marriage is very significant to both individuals and the community, it is considered sacred and holy, Jews can’t discuss marriage without divorce. This significance is evident within the marriage ritual itself as the sacred texts are involved. Marriage is a legal contract as well as a physical-spiritual union that is required for the continuation of the religion. Once married there are several reasons why one must “be fruitful and multiply”. When the parents leave the earth the young are needed to replace them, preferably a female and a male, this helps stabilises the Jewish community which is only 13 million of the worlds population. According to the beit hillel which is in the Talmud the Tractate Yebomot teaches Jewish adherents the one’s life has only been fulfilled once one has married and produced children one has assisted in creating a place of habitation; as stated in the novel essential Judaism2 “he God created it not to be a waste. He formed it to be inhabited”

“…The fist and foremost purpose of marriage is companionship, and sexual relations plays an important role…” sexual activity is to increase the martial bond between a husband and his wife. Within Judaism Sex is the right of the woman, because sex in the right of a women it is a man duty to fulfil his wife’s needs because, a onah ( women’s right to sexual intercourse) is one of the three basic rights a husband is required to fulfil. In earlier years children were married as teenagers because they were considered to be at their sexual peak, when marrying young their sexual needs would have been met, without having to participate in sex before marriage, which is forbidden in Judaism. The Jewish wedding rituals begins with an announcement of intent. After this there are seven days of celebration. This shows just how important marriage is to the Jewish community. The wedding day is the //Yom Kippur// by the couple. This day is their day of cleansing from G-d, getting rid of their prior mistakes and mishaps so that they can begin their lives together fresh. Before the ceremony begins there is a contract which is signed by two witnesses, this contract is called the ketubah and contains the husbands obligations towards his wife to be. The //Ketubah// takes the marriage ceremony from a physical-spiritual union, and includes it about legal and moral commitments, this is a very important part of the wedding. The Talmud its reinforces marriage as a covenant and contractual ritual. After this ritualcomes the Bedeken cereomy, where the Chatan (groom) puts a veil over the Kallah's (bride) face, in rememberance of the matriarchs. The marriage ceremony is held under a //Huppah//, The huppah is meant to symbolize the new home that the //Chatan// and //Kallah// will create together. This ritual usually has two parts, the //Kiddushin// (betrothal) and the //Nissuin// (actuallmarriage). The //Kiddushin// has three parts. The First part involves two blessings, one blessing over wine and the other stating that the couple are for each other and only for each other a relationship with anyone else for both the Chatan and the Kallah is forbidden.The second part is the ring ceremony, the //Chatan// puts the ring on the //Kallah's// hand, formalizing the marriage. Third part is the //Chatans// recitation He says "Behold, by this ring you are consecrated to me as my wife according to the laws of Moses and Israel. The //Nissun// ceremony includes the reading of the //Sheva Berakhot//, this has the survival of the Jewish people as well as the creation of human beings. As a tribute in memory of the destruction on the temple the Chatan and sometimes even the Kallah destroy a piece/plate of glass. The rituals don’t stop at the end of the ceremony the continue long after. Once the ceremony has finished the couple sends some time in Yihud this is before they go to the wedding feasts. Every night during the week after the wedding the family and community will hold feasts the Sheve Berakhot is recited at everyone of these feasts including the one at the wedding ( the wedding feast ).

Within Judaism marriage is a highly significant ritual to both the community and the individual, for the Jewish people marriage is a way to bring themselves closer to G-d, to enhance themselves towards the supernatural. A man and a women both receive strength and vitality once married this strength helps them maintain there Jewish life style, they both will grow spiritually and materially. The Sheva Berakhot sanctifies the ordinary a right that only comes form marriage, the Sheva Berakhot is one of the most important roles within the ritual, it benefit’s the individual. The man and women once married will take on set roles within the relationship, the Kallah will take over the house while the Chatan is free to study the Talmud. Marriage is an expression on ones belief in Judaism, these set roles are an example of how important marriage is for an individual. The Jewish community also benefits from marriage, marriage strengthens the community it strengthens the community because it put the new married couple on an equal level as the rest of the community. By putting this new couple into the community it means that they have been identified and accepted into the community. With marriage comes children and this is a very important part of Judaism the production of children is very significant towards the survival an growth of the religion. The more married couple there are the children there are the more Jewish population there is. The population will grow because every child that is born to a Jewish other is there for Jewish. This pattern keeps the religion going on for years and years. Marriage is also important to the community as it brings the community together will all the feast, traditions and ceremonies. Maintaining tradition is a significant part of Judaism.

Sacred texts are included in marriage as they have a lot to do with explaining many aspects of marriage eg Kiddushin. These texts also include gaining a spouse and prohibited marriages, soul mates and the certain activities the man and women each to in the marriage. the Talmud states that 40 days before a male is conceived, a voice from above tells who ever daughter he will marry. This 'soul mate' is known as //Bashert//.

The Talmud states that G-d arranges seconds marriages, there are three ways for a husband to find a wife according to the Mishnah Kiddush in ( money, contract and sexual intercourse. Money is really needed in the modern day marriages the ketubah (contract ) and also the sexual intercourse “go forth and multiply” was one of the first commandments. There are also many guidelines to whom and how to get married + reasons for this. Close relatives, blood related ex wives or people who aren’t fully divorced yet are all forbidden.

. This shows how significant marriage is in Judaism as it is included in sacred texts. From this you can see that marriage in Judaism is a very important part of the religion and how important it is without marriage there is no future for Judaism, Judaism relies in marriage to keep the religion alive. It is significant to both the individuals and the community. Shown through the inclusion of sacred texts and throught the marriage ritual itself. Marriage provides the individual with the opportunity to become whole, and the religion with a chance to continue for generations.

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2) bioethics is the philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about by advances in medicine and biology. bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, philosophy and theology.=====

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4) in judaism, views on abortion draw primarily upon legal and ethical teachings of the hebrew bible, the talmud, the case-by-case decisions of response, and other rabbinic literature. in the modern period, moreover, jewish thinking on abortion has responded both to liberal understandings of personal autonomy as well christians oppositions to abortion.=====

5) the hebrew bible neither addresses nor explicilty condemns the practice of suicide. suicide is not included in the list of biblical " negative commandments " enumerated by early jewish thinkers
=__Year 11 2009__= __FINAL COPY 1__) Australia was a mono-cultural and mono-religious country focused on the mother country which was usually England. According to the census data in 1947 the Christian denominations were at 88% other religions were 0.5% people without religion were also at 0.5% and anyone who didn’t state their religion was at 11%. But in 2001 according to the census Christianity numbers dropped from 88% to 68% other religions grew to around 5% people without a religion shot up to 16% and anyone who didn’t state their religion went slightly up to 12%. Over the years their have been changing patterns in the largest Christian denominations . Some religions managed to stay stable while others changed dramatically an example of this is the coming together of the uniting church which didn’t exist before 1976 and by 1981 the uniting church was able to be counted on the census. Some other changes are the diminish of the orthodox Christians and Pentecostal church losing numbers at a rapid pace. Probably the one that stands out the most is the change in the larger denominations which occurred in both the Catholic and Anglican with the catholic church increasing by 6% and the Anglican church dropping by a massive 19% difference from 1947- 2001. Judaism stayed basically the same hovering around 0.4%. Hinduism increased slightly to 0.5% of the population. Islam and Buddhism grew steadily towards a large amount over time (1947- 2001) according to the census data. Immigrants over the years have increased the number of white Australians, Australia to some is known as the nation of immigrates. Today or rather according to the latest census data Australia has 68% that’s 12.8million Christian adherence. Finally Christianity to some degree has an influence on society and how things are portrayed in the society. Australia is now more focused on improving it image around the world rather than just England.

2) Ecumenism relates to the different aspects of Christianity coming together to discuss similarities and differences of organization and belief. It is defined as the organised attempt to bring about the cooperation and unity of all believers in Christ and is a way of bringing together the disparate groups back to a single Christian church. from the devastation and hard ace of WWII came the Australian committee for the World Council of Churches in 1916. This council eventually developed into the Australian council of churches. The NCCA ( national council churches of Australia ) developed in 1997 acts as an umbrella group bringing together many of Australia’s Christian churches because of practical, organisation cooperation and discussions on faith based issues. The NSW ecumenical council is a total group of 16 churches from both NSW and the ACT. This group believes that ecumenism is a positive expression of the commitment to seek communion with each other. The aim is to have a unity of churches working together so that they can express common concerns and opinions on important issues in society. This council provides help to local churches, supports local inter-faith church groups to bring other groups together. They provide opportunities for people to reflect and worship together ecumenically and encourages for interfaith dialogue. A current project of NCCA is the Christmas Bowl. The Christmas Bowl is all about helping refugees all around the world in countries such as Congo and Sudan. These refugees live in apoorling conditions and urgently need the help of organisations like the NCCA and projects such as the Christmas Bowl. This is definitely a well run organisation with it priorities set on helping others and this project will definitely meet the mark and many refugees will benefit from the Christmas Bowl. the projects aim is to help refugees from 22 countries all over the world giving them that basics that they need and deserve. Basic information - $50 you can provide 5 pieces of clothing each for 50 children who live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. - $150 can provide training for a community leader in conflict resolution in Sudan - $370 can provide a Burmese refugee with one years worth of nutritious food. The Christmas Bowl is a program of Act for Peace which anyone can get involved in.

3) Interfaith dialogue is the discussion between various traditions to bring together, social issues, making dialogue, focus and the discussion of tolerance as well as respect. Interfaith dialogue is important because it brings unity, respect, awareness, collaboration, understanding and tolerance. Interfaith dialogue is almost one big cycle , if you don’t respect ones religion you will not understand it and if you don’t understand the religion you cant tolerate it with no tolerance there is no unity and with no unity there can’t be any collaboration if there is no collaboration there will not be any awareness. Many conflicts occur between religions because there is no interfaith dialogue between them with no interfaith dialogue between the religions it meaning that there is no understanding of each others religion which in many cases led to conflict or war for example for ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine which dates back many many years. Religious harmony encourages inter-faith dialogue. Australia is a multi-faith country because within the country there are many different religions and faiths meaning Australia is a multi-faith country. Interfaith dialogue is important because according to the census data it states that a certain percentage are non Christians and that a large number are multi-faith. Because that multi-faith number is so high Australia needs to have interfaith dialogue to avoid problems and encourage each religion to understand and collaborate with each other rather than just blocking one another out. The following are examples of the importance of interfaith dialogue in multi-faith Australia ; - The service at St Mary’s Cathedral on the eve of Anzac day 2001 included Buddhist monks and Christian ministers. This is an example of Christians and Buddhists working together on a very significant day for many Australians the example also show respect and understanding of one another religion. - Uniting church national assembly committee on relations with other faiths, this is an example of peace and collaboration between a numbers of faiths in Australia with each of them coming together to talk about certain issues between them

- Victorian Jewish- Christian dialogue committee. This is an example of interfaith dialogue because again there is collaboration between a number of faiths. - At the Vesak celebrations at the Nan Tien Buddhist Temple near Wollongong, verses of the Qur’an were chanted by an imam. This example shows Buddhist and Muslims celebrating together it also show each on them tolerating and respecting one another shown in the unified celebrating. - The Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims and Jews was officially launched in march 2003. This is another example of interfaith dialogue because you have variety of Faiths collaborating and trying to understand each others point of view on how we as multi-faith Australians should tackle problems like terrorism and other related issues, the ANDC come together after 9/ 11 and the Bali bombings which helped Australia realise that they really needed some sort of inter-faith dialogue. The arrival of the 1980s saw Australia recognised as a multi-faith society rather than being in the previous category of a multi-denominational society. The 1989 religious peace conference was pushing and putting their full support forward for the move towards inter-faith dialogue. Many inter-faith path groups still in Australia today are encouraging, supporting and expressing the importance of inter-faith dialogue. Interfaith dialogue is important because according to the census data we have a number of different religions within the country and society. Making Austria a multi-faith country and because of this multi-faith Australia needs inter-faith dialogue to collaborate, understand, respect and tolerate each others beliefs and traditions all in all to keep the peace between the different religion within Australia

4) In Australia there are a few key factors which have helped to shape its religious landscape today and those keys factors are in relation to immigration, denominational switching, the rise of new age religions and secularism, each of these factors have contributed to the make up of Australia’s religious landscape immensely. Immigration managed to change Australia from being a mono-cultural, mono-faith to multi-cultural, multi-faith almost like a rollercoaster but instead of going up and down switching from mono-cultural to mono-faith. WWII and the lifting of the white Australia policy has led to much more diversity in migration and because of this diversity in migration there has also been a rise on the diversity of religious groupings in Australia shown in the census data which the number of other religious groups growing for example Islam which benefited from the lifting of the white Australia policy. Right after WWII the number of Christian Immigrants from countries such as Italy and Malta increased the number of Christians in the country by a significant amount. The orthodox Christians also saw an increase of number with people migrating from Greece and other eastern European countries. The white policy ending in 1972 developed a larger range of countries migrating bringing a wider range of religions, such as Buddhist, Muslims, Hindus and Jews who all had a significant increase. These increases are all shown in the census data. Buddhist have come from indo-Chinese countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and in more recent times Malaysia, Hong Kong and china. The Muslims have come from countries such as Indonesia, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq and Bosnia. Christian denominations where there is a large non-Anglo population - Orthodox from mainly eastern Europe and Catholic churches from predominantly Irish to include Mediterranean, Eastern European, Asian, South American and African members. With the increased number in the variety groups this has led to a greater acceptance and appreciation of this diversity. Majority of People in Australia belong to a certain religion and a vast majority of these people were born into their particular religious group. Because most people were born into their particular religion once they grow up and understand it or another they decide that their particular religion isn’t for them and decide to change or swap. This switching between denominations or groups of the same religious tradition is known as denominational switching, Protestant churches are more familiar with denominational switching than Catholic churches are. Many Pentecostal adherents just about the majority have moved from another protestant denomination the join the Pentecostal group. The term Pentecostal is use to describe Christian denominations who have a very strong focus or emphasis on the gifts of the holy spirit for example speaking in tongues, healing, prophecy. These groups are usually rather small groups which enables for more personal interaction they also have lively worship. With all this denominational switching going on Pentecostalism has become the fastest growing group within Christianity. A large number of people from various other Christian denominations have switched from their particular group to Pentecostalism, in the end many after about 2years end up leaving this is called the revolving door syndrome. Census figures show a considerable level of dissatisfaction with traditional religious groups. This anger and dissatisfaction is sign of a strong growing longing for a spiritual dimension to life. An umbrella term which refers to a range of alternative and pseudo-religious groups that people are attracted to. New age religions are characterised by their adoption of elements from eastern religions. And also their rejection of the views from the western views and the fact that new age favours creation centred spirituality. A few examples of new age religions are feng shui, yoga, tai chi, astrology, tarot cards, numerology etc. a lot of people uphold and follow traditional religious practices and beliefs but modify them with new age elements. Secularism is the belief that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society. Many factors have contributed to the decline of religious relevance for the integration and legitimation of modern life in Australia, increasing pluralism and materialism in society adding to that increasing individualism and dissatisfaction with traditional religions are all major factors and reason for secularisation. This trend or phase is most easily seen with the significant increase in number of people stating that they have no religion on the census alongside an overall decline in the Christians figures recorded in the census.

These four keys factors have all contributed to the present religious landscape of Australia. Immigration brings in numbers and new religions denominational switching bring about growth, new age religions brings new traditions and beliefs to follow while secularism contributes to the decline and demise of some religions. Each in their own way have helped shaped Australia’s religious landscape into what we see today.

YR 12 2 UNIT STUDIES OF RELIGION TOMISLAV

HERCEG 12.2

__1)__ Australia was a mono-cultural and mono-religious country focused on the mother country which was usually England. According to the census data in 1947 the ​Christian denominations were at 88% other religions were 0.5% people without religion were also at 0.5% and anyone who didn’t state their religion was at 11%. But in 2001 according to the census dropped from 88% to 68% other religions grew to around 5% people without a religion shot up to 16% and anyone who didn’t state their religion went slightly up to 12%. Over the years their have been changing patterns in the largest Christian denominations . Some religions managed to stay stable while others changed dramatically an example of this is the coming together of the uniting church which didn’t exist before 1976 and by 1981 the uniting church was able to be counted on the census. Some other changes are the diminish of the orthodox Christians and Pentecostal church losing numbers at a rapid pace. Probably the one that stands out the most is the change in the larger denominations which occurred in both the Catholic and Anglican with the catholic church increasing by 6% and the Anglican church dropping by a massive 19% difference from 1947- 2001. Judaism stayed basically the same hovering around 0.4%. Hinduism increased slightly to 0.5% of the population. Islam and Buddhism grew steadily towards a large amount over time (1947- 2001) according to the census data. Immigrants over the years have increased the number of white Australians, Australia to some is known as the nation of immigrates. Today or rather according to the latest census data Australia has 68% that’s 12.8million Christian adherence. Finally Christianity to some degree has an influence on society and how things are portrayed in the society. Australia is now more focused on improving it image around the world rather than just England.

2) Ecumenism relates to the different aspects of Christianity coming together to discuss similarities and differences of organization and belief. It is defined as the organised attempt to bring about the cooperation and unity of all believers in Christ and is a way of bringing together the disparate groups back to a single Christian church. from the devastation and hard ace of WWII came the Australian committee for the World Council of Churches in 1916. This council eventually developed into the Australian council of churches. The NCCA ( national council churches of Australia ) developed in 1997 acts as an umbrella group bringing together many of Australia’s Christian churches because of practical, organisation cooperation and discussions on faith based issues. The NSW ecumenical council is a total group of 16 churches from both NSW and the ACT. This group believes that ecumenism is a positive expression of the commitment to seek communion with each other. The aim is to have a unity of churches working together so that they can express common concerns and opinions on important issues in society. This council provides help to local churches, supports local inter-faith church groups to bring other groups together. They provide opportunities for people to reflect and worship together ecumenically and encourages for interfaith dialogue. A current project of NCCA is the Christmas Bowl. The Christmas Bowl is all about helping refugees all around the world in countries such as Congo and Sudan. These refugees live in apoorling conditions and urgently need the help of organisations like the NCCA and projects such as the Christmas Bowl. This is definitely a well run organisation with it priorities set on helping others and this project will definitely meet the mark and many refugees will benefit from the Christmas Bowl. Basic information - $50 you can provide 5 pieces of clothing each for 50 children who live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. - $150 can provide training for a community leader in conflict resolution in Sudan - $370 can provide a Burmese refugee with one years worth of nutritious food. The Christmas Bowl is a program of Act for Peace which anyone can get involved in.

3) Interfaith dialogue is the discussion between various traditions to bring together, social issues, making dialogue, focus and the discussion of tolerance as well as respect. Interfaith dialogue is important because it brings unity, respect, awareness, collaboration, understanding and tolerance. Interfaith dialogue is almost one big cycle , if you don’t respect ones religion you will not understand it and if you don’t understand the religion you cant tolerate it with no tolerance there is no unity and with no unity there can’t be any collaboration if there is no collaboration there will not be any awareness. Many conflicts occur between religions because there is no interfaith dialogue between them with no interfaith dialogue between the religions it meaning that there is no understanding of each others religion which in many cases led to conflict or war. example:

Religious harmony encourages inter-faith dialogue. Australia is a multi-faith country because within the country there are many different religions and faiths meaning Australia is a multi-faith country. Interfaith dialogue is important because according to the census data it states that a certain percentage are non Christians and that a large number are multi-faith. Because that multi-faith number is so high Australia needs to have interfaith dialogue to avoid problems and encourage each religion to understand and collaborate with each other rather than just blocking one another out. The following are examples of the importance of interfaith dialogue in multi-faith Australia ; - The service at St Mary’s Cathedral on the eve of Anzac day 2001 included Buddhist monks and Christian ministers. This is an example of Christians and Buddhists working together on a very significant day for many Australians the example also show respect and understanding of one another religion. - Uniting church national assembly committee on relations with other faiths, this is an example of peace and collaboration between a numbers of faiths in Australia with each of them coming together to talk about certain issues between them

- Victorian Jewish- Christian dialogue committee. This is an example of interfaith dialogue because again there is collaboration between a number of faiths. - At the Vesak celebrations at the Nan Tien Buddhist Temple near Wollongong, verses of the Qur’an were chanted by an imam. This example shows Buddhist and Muslims celebrating together it also show each on them tolerating and respecting one another shown in the unified celebrating. - The Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims and Jews was officially launched in march 2003. This is another example of interfaith dialogue because you have variety of Faiths collaborating and trying to understand each others point of view on how we as multi-faith Australians should tackle problems like terrorism and other related issues, the ANDC come together after 9/ 11 and the Bali bombings which helped Australia realise that they really needed some sort of inter-faith dialogue. The arrival of the 1980s saw Australia recognised as a multi-faith society rather than being in the previous category of a multi-denominational society. The 1989 religious peace conference was pushing and putting their full support for the move toward inter-faith dialogue. Many inter-faith path groups still in Australia today encouraging, supporting and expressing the importance of inter-faith dialogue.

4) In Australia there are a few key factors which have helped to shape its religious landscape today and those keys factors are in relation to immigration, denominational switching, the rise of new age religions and secularism each of these factors have contributed to the make up of Australia’s religious landscape immensely. Immigration managed to change Australia from being a mono-cultural, mono-faith to multi-cultural, multi-faith almost like a rollercoaster but instead of going up and down switching from mono-cultural to mono-faith. WWII and the lifting of the white Australia policy has led to much more diversity in migration and because of this diversity in migration there has also been a rise on the diversity of religious groupings in Australia shown in the census data which the number of other religious groups growing for example Islam which benefited from the lifting of the white Australia policy. Right after WWII the number of Christian Immigrants from countries such as Italy and Malta increased the number of Christians in the country by a significant amount. The orthodox Christians also saw an increase of number with people migrating from Greece and other eastern European countries. The white policy ending in 1972 developed a larger range of countries migrating bringing a wider range of religions, such as Buddhist, Muslims, Hindus and Jews who all had a significant increase. These increases are all shown in the census data. Buddhist have come from indo-Chinese countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and in more recent times Malaysia, Hong Kong and china. The Muslims have come from countries such as Indonesia, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq and Bosnia. Christian denominations where there is a large non-Anglo population - Orthodox from mainly eastern Europe and Catholic churches from predominantly Irish to include Mediterranean, Eastern European, Asian, South American and African members. With the increased number in the variety groups this has led to a greater acceptance and appreciation of this diversity. Majority of People in Australia belong to a certain religion and a vast majority of these people were born into their particular religious group. Because most people were born into their particular religion once they grow up and understand it or another they decide that their particular religion isn’t for them and decide to change or swap. This switching between denominations or groups of the same religious tradition is known as denominational switching. Protestant churches are more familiar with denominational switching than Catholic churches.

__MOVIE notes__

=
//- Bagdad was centre of the Islamic world. - People of the Islamic world always went there. - It was expected that a Muslim would visit Mecca at least once in there lifetime. - Over 100 different cities in the Islamic world. - 610 A.D. =Muslims believe that Muhammad, merchant from Makkah (Mecca begins receiving messages from Allah (God in Arabic). The divine visions will form the basis of the Koran, Islam's holy book. Muhammad leads a religious movement that worships Allah and no other deity (god). - 17750 were developed so information was easier to pass down stories. - 622-633, Muhammad and his followers flee to Yathrib (later to be known as Medina) to escape religious persecution the neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. - Muslims took over Spain and then expanded to the outskirts of India. - 638-661,Muslim armies begin conquering areas of the old Byzantine and Persian empires. In 661, civil war erupts among Muslims after the assassination. Fanatical Moslem sect that smoked hashish and murdered Crusaders (11th—12th centuries). - Pope Urban 2nd tried to wipe to wipe out the Muslims by joining religion and his army to regain the holy land from the Muslims. This group was the Crusades. - Crusades murdered thousands of Muslims in the holy city of Jerusalem. - Mongolians invaded Bagdad. Whilst doing this they burnt down libraries and burnt down mosques. - But after this half of the Mongolians ended up converting to Islam.//=====

= = =principal events in muhammad's life= =- early life= =- as a young man - muhammad;s vision= = = - was born around 570 ce quraysh tribe

- mahammads family looked after a site at mecca - orphaned at an early age, uncle took responsitbility ( commmandments always look after orphanes ) - his father died six months before he was born - was abandoned and sent to wet nurse in the hills outside the city - mother died when he was 6 his guardian grandfather died when he was 8 - he was then cared for by his uncle abu talib, the leader of the hashim clan of the quarysh tribe ( looked after mecca ) - became familiar with the caravan trade and the business of being a merchant. - as a merchant, he met and married khadijah, a widowed entrepreneur. she was 40 and he was 25. - together they had 2 or 3 sons and 4 daughters. - all sons died in childhood and only fatima survived muhammad - fatima gave muhammad 2 grandsons: hasam and husayn. - muhammad had more wives after the death of khadijah - mecca became corrupt so muhammad moved away.

any one than mahammad loved died besides his love to god is never died and always there.

muhammad's visions

- muhammad decided to meditate upon these changes in a cave on mt hira - it was here that muhammad' s first reveltion occurred when he was 40 in 610 ce - he was visited by the angel gabriel. - abu bakar become the leader after muhammed died islam = submission to god, corran =recitation ( the corran is a book of recitals ) four themes to Muhammad's teachings - the coming of judgement day - the unity of gods - denouncing dishonest practices of merchants - denouncing the abandonment of widows and orphans the corran is structured around these four teachings.

__ISLAM__ kbWEEK 7 - Wednesday and Thursday Self Directed Learning

Religious tradition study - Christianity Part A Humanity and divinity Jesus was both fully human and fully divine this is a core belief of Christianity. Jesus was the son of god and also a human being ( both human and divine ). By being both human and divine Jesus was very special and unique, by being unique it was very easy for the high priests who were threatened by him to say this man is wrong don’t believe him take him away from here. In Christianity the belief is that all humans are created in the image of god. The incarnation of Jesus as a human was an act of love that god had for his people. The incarnation of Jesus means that he became a man. Jesus was born from a human woman and died as a human being therefore proving his humanity. Jesus was also a part of the trinity father, son, and the holy spirit. He is the archetype for human behaviour meaning the perfect way in which humans should act. With Jesus being part human it shows the interrelatedness between god and humans QUOTE FROM THE CATECHISM CHAPTER 91: Jesus had a divine will and a human will. In his earthly life the son of God humanly willed all that he had divinely decided with the father and the Holy Spirit for our salvation. The human will of Christ followed without opposition or reluctance the divine will or, in other words, it was subject to it. death and resurrection The tradition of Christianity is based on the historical life, death and resurrection of Jesus. The story of Jesus was told in the gospels. Jesus taught a radical new massage during his short public ministry which is that people should love god, love each other. And love themselves. He was portrayed as a subersive and sentanced to death by crucifixion for his radical views. He was taken from the cross onto a tomb. After three days he rose from the dead and remained in full humanity for 40days until he ascended body and soul in heaven. His resurrection from death was affirmed or confirmed by multitudes of people at the time and gave proof of his divine authority. QUOTE FROM THE CATECHISM CHAPTER 50: God reveals himself as " the strong one, the mighty one"(Psalm 24:8), as the One "to whom nothing is impossible" (Luke 1:37). He is omnipotence is universal, mysterious and shows itself in the creation of the world out of nothing and humanity out of love, but al it shows itself in the incarnation and the resurrection of his son, in the gift of filial adoption.

The trinity the father + the son + the holy spirit = the trinity. Christianity is a monotheistic religion, the trinity is a belief that jesus was both human and god, he was god incarnated. The trinity is not a biblical concept, but was probably first used by tertullian in the 2nd century. The belief in Christianity is that there is one interconnected god which mean that Christianity is a monotheistic religion. There is a "threeness" to god- father, son, and the holy spirit all aspects are unique equal and eternal. The three aspects are distinct, but they are not 3 gods, three persons but only one divine being. They dwell in each other. scriptual grounds for this belief ( the trinity ) are found in mathew ( 28: 19 ) 'therefore go and make disciple of all nations, baptising them in the name of the father and the son of the holy spirit', and 2 corinthians ( 13:14 ) also Luke 1: 35-36, Matthew ( 3: 16-17 ), ' as soon as Jesus was baptised, he went up out of the water. at that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the spirit of god descending like a dove and lightning on him. and a voice from heaven said, 'this is my son, whom i love; with him i am well pleased', and genesis ( 18: 1-15 ). QUOTE FROM THE CATECHISM CHAPTER 27: WHAT DOES IT MEAN IN PRACTICE FOR APERSON TO BELIEVE IN GOD? It means to adhere to God himself, entrusting oneself to him and giving assent to all the truths which God has revealed because God is truth. It means to believe in One god in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

part B

In the christian tradition they recognize that their religion arose directly from Judaism. jesus himself and his disciples were all Jews. the christians also recognize they heritage and accept the hebrew scriptures also known as the old testament and the holiness off them. the principal sacred texts of christianity are located in the new testament. the new testament was written by the followers of jesus christ. by combining the old and the new testament that makes up the bible. the new testament of the bible consists of the four gospels ( matthew, mark, luke and john ). each of these gospels tell us the story of jesus and his apostles. the information in these gospels describe the formation of the early church, the bible is important to christians it tells us the stories of jesus and his journeys. the gospels also include the book of revelation which is symbolic of the supernatural events from their time. the new testament also includes the epistles, whicha are apostolic letters attributed to paul, peter, james, jude, and john. a lot of these letters were written to help and advice the early christians on how to handle serturn problems from in their communities. therefore giving us a look into the beliefs and practices of the early church. eventually the the Epistles were included in the canon of the new testament as authentically inspired writings. the early church closed the canon of scripture in 180CE. the new and the old testament combined created the bible. this moment in history was then added to the early christian writtings four gospels, acts, Epistles and revelation, these make up the new testament. the second letter of peter was the last passage to be added to the christian canon. the church itself had produced the bible. the canon is imortant to the christians because it is the core sacred text. it is actually the bible. most of the information available about the life of jesus comes from his ' biographies' ( the gospels ). the gospels which were written by his followers/ disciples some time after his death. each gospel is written slightly different this is because they were written at different times each with a different author for different communities. the first of the four gospels seems to have been written by mark probably at Rome, sometime before before the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE. apparently the author wrote for non-jewish christians who at the time were suffering from persecution. the book contains some of the logia or sayings of jesus, but the actual teaching were not the primary concern of marks gospel. the main point is the manifestation of the crucified messiah. mark empahasis jesus christ as the crucified son of god mark also stresses the presence of the kingdom of god in the actions of jesus. marks gospel also tells us how jesus was opposed and frustrated by his disbelievers and questionist, the idea of the messinaic secret ( mark 8:27- 3) is basic to marks story of jesus.

Matthews gospel was proberly written for the christians with a jewish background, about 85CE. Matthew shows and emphasises the that of jesus as a teacher and gives a very detailed and dramatic account of the coming kingdom of heaven. by stressing the miracles performed by jesus and also by showing the old testament prophecies of a coming messiah are fulfilled in him ( jesus ) he was trying to convert his jewish audience. The author who also wrote the Acts around 90CE. In Luke's gospel he was trying or seeking to convert wealthy gentiles to christianity. the gospel attempts to bring together the two different scriptures or elements of the earlier writtings of matthew and mark. what separates luke from the others and makes him original is his religious mentality. he also records the characteristics of jesus as being tender, forgiving and compassionate. he highlights the need for prayer and takes a look at the holy spirit and mary ( mother of jesus ). because mathew and luke borrowed a fair bit of their material from mark all three scriptures give a similar picture of jesus. the three goepels came to be known as the synoptic gospels, this is because they all had pretty much the same picture of jesus all three looked at jesus in the ' same eye'. all though matthew and luke did have a few things in common which can not be found in mark. this lets scholars that matthew and luke fight of had an additional source in which they got the information from, not only marks gospel. there are also differences between mark, matthew and luke and these reason give way for the synoptic problem. for some scholars this is a big deal and for other not so much. the gospel of john was last to be written 95CE and is the most remote of the four gospels when it comes to the historical figure of jesus christ. johns gospel does not claim to be a biography like the synoptics do. rather it regards from a thoelogical viewpoint jesus as a divine redeemer who brings light and also life into mankind. johns gospel over the years has seemed to developed some independence from the other three gospels ( the synoptics ).

the foundation for christian ehtics are provided by the hebrew bible and the new testament. the old testament which is the hebrew bible from the 613 laws which were were given to the hebrews in their covenant with god ten of these are especially cherished by christaians and are said to be handed to makes from god. these ten commandments Exodus ( 20:1-17 ) are the core ethical teachings of christininty. 1) i am the lord your god. worship no god but me. 2) do not make or worship images of me. 3) do not use god's name for vain purpsoses. 4) keep holy the sabbath day. 5) respect your father and your mother. 6) do not kill. 7) do not be unfaithful in marriage. 8) do not steal. 9) do not make false accusations against anyone. 10) do not envy the possesssions off other people. ( Matthew 22:36-40 ) jesus was once asked a question which commandment is the greatest to the he answered: you shall love your god with all your whole heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind. this is the first and great commandment. and the second is like it: you shall love your neighbour as yourself. on of these two commandments hang all law and prophets.

from the old testament the ten commandment and the two commandment given by jesus summarise the basic ethical teachings and obligations of christians and provide the framework to a christian life. commandments 1-4 are related to the love for your god while commandments 5-10 relate to the love for your neighbour. the commandments cover the principal ethical teachings. a christians life should look to: faith in god which will bring salvation; the acceptance of wrongdoing and he importance of repentance which will bring god's forgivness; and also jesus's commandment of love which will dictate all ethial and morals in one personal, public and spiritual life. by following these commandments one will be blessed as is indicated through the beatitudes.

importance of the bible In the religion of christianity the bible caries great importance. christianity is the only religion that reads from the new testament. this shows how jesus is the fulfilment of the hebrew bible. the new testamant remains a strong focus on the last three years of the life of Jesus. it demonstrates to believers that he was not only a religious revolutionary, which included political dimensions, but also the incarnation of god on earth. many christians beliefs are introduced or developed in the bible. christians use the bible in their own spiritual development for their everyday lives and their understanding of god. the bible also has a role in guiding christian behaviour and in the practical christians, such as personal prayer and liturgigal worship.

CATHOLIC In everyday life catholics use for bible for these reasons: - holy communion ( catechism quote 263. ) - prayer ( catechism quote 56 ) - weddings ( catechism quote 502 ) - last rights ( catechism quote 410 ) - church ( catechism quote 1 ) - stories of Jesus ( catechism quote 9 ) - events of the past ( catechism quote 22 ) - vocations ( catechism quote 188 ) - baptism ( catechism quote 34 ) - divorce ( catechism quote 347 ) PROTESTANT In everyday life protestants use the bible for theses reasons: - protestants have a very strong and ethical reliabitly on the bible. - stories of jesus - prayer - last rights - events of the pasts - marriage - baptism ORTHODOX In everyday life an orthodox person uses the bible for these reasons: - prayer - weddings - last rights - holy communion - stories of jesus - marriage - vocations - baptism

Timeline - DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIBLE

4000 BCE (Adam, Eve and garden of Eden)

3000 BCE (Noah and the flood)

2000 BCE Habiru tribes in Mesopotamia 1900 BCE Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob)

1600 BCE Joseph goes to Egypt

1180 BCE Moses and exodus from Egypt

Age of judges and semi-independent city-states

1029 BCE Country united under first king – Saul

King David moves capital to Jerusalem and expands empire

King Solomon builds temple in Jerusalem

930 BCE After Solomon, country splits into Judah (south, King Rehoboam) and Israel (north, King Jeroboam)

King Jeroboam sets up separate religion centered in Beth El //J book written after 848 in court of king of Judah// E book written after J book by priest from Shiloh (Mushite) in north 880 BCE Start of Omride dynasty in Israel

722 BCE Assyrian conquers Israel (722). "10 lost tribes." Israelites move south

715 BCE Hezekiah becomes king //JE book written to merge concepts in both J and E book// P book written in response to JE book by Jerusalem (Aaronoid) priest

639 BCE Josiah becomes king – Key figure in creation of Bible 622 BCE //D (Deuteronomy) "found" in temple. Written by priest from Shiloh (maybe// Jeremiah) Deuteronomist texts (Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings) written 587 BCE Babylonians conquer Judah (587). Jews exiled to Babylonia. Others flee to Egypt.

538 BCE Persians conquer Babylon and Cyrus allows Jews to return.

517 BCE Second temple rebuilt (Passover, 517 BCE)

480 BCE (?) //Ezra returns from Babylon with bible. Assumed to be final redactor.//

400 BCE End of Historical account according to Hebrew Bible 160 BCE //Daniel and Job were last books of bible to be written// End of Historical account according to New Testament 100 BCE Hebrew Bible canonized

Dead Sea scrolls written around 100 BCE. Essentially no changes since then.

70 CE Second temple destroyed by Romans. End of "Temple Judaism." Rise of rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.

the bible is important to christianity because its the new and the old testament put together.

Religious tradition study - Christianity Part A Humanity and divinity

Jesus was both fully human and fully divine this is a core belief of Christianity. Jesus was the son of god and also a human being ( both human and divine ). By being both human and divine Jesus was very special and unique, by being unique it was very easy for the high priests who were threatened by him to say this man is wrong don’t believe him take him away from here. In Christianity the belief is that all humans are created in the image of god. The incarnation of Jesus as a human was an act of love that god had for his people. The incarnation of Jesus means that he became a man. Jesus was born from a human woman and died as a human being therefore proving his humanity. Jesus was also a part of the trinity father, son, and the holy spirit. He is the archetype for human behaviour meaning the perfect way in which humans should act. With jesus being part human it shows the interrelatedness between god and humans QUOTE FROM THE CATECHISM CHAPTER 91: Jesus had a divine will and a human will. In his earthly life the son of God humanly willed all that he had divinely decided with the father and the Holy Spirit for our salvation. The human will of Christ followed without opposition or reluctance the divine will or, in other words, it was subject to it.

__death and resurrection__ The tradition of Christianity is based on the historical life, death and resurrection of Jesus. The story of jesus was told in the gospels. Jesus taught a radical new massage during his short public ministry which is that people should love god, love each other. And love themselves. He was portrayed as a subersive and setanced to death by crucifixion for his radical views. He was taken from the cross onto a tomb. After three days he rose from the dead and remained in full humanity for 40days until he ascended body and soul in heaven. His resurrection from death was affirmed or confirmed by multitudes of people at the time and gave proof of his divine authority. QUOTE FROM THE CATECHISM CHAPTER 50: God reveals himself as “ the strong one, the mighty one”(Psalm 24:8), as the One “to whom nothing is impossible” (Luke 1:37). He is omnipotence is universal, mysterious and shows itself in the creation of the world out of nothing and humanity out of love, but al it shows itself in the incarnation and the resurrection of his son, in the gift of filial adoption.

The trinity the father + the son + the holy spirit = the trinity. Christianity is a monotheistic religion, the trinity is a belief that jesus was both human and god, he was god incarnated. The trinity is not a biblical concept, but was probably first used by tertullian in the 2nd century. The belief in Christianity is that there is one interconnected god which mean that Christianity is a monotheistic religion. There is a “threeness” to god- father, son, and the holy spirit all aspects are unique equal and eternal. The three aspects are distinct, but they are not 3 gods, three persons but only one divine being. They dwell in each other. QUOTE FROM THE CATECHISM CHAPTER 27: WHAT DOES IT MEAN IN PRACTICE FOR APERSON TO BELIEVE IN GOD? It means to adhere to God himself, entrusting oneself to him and giving assent to all the truths which God has revealed because God is truth. It means to believe in One god in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

You are required to complete the following research using the links below []

**[|**Origin of the Name of Jesus**]**
In this article, we shall consider the two words -- "Jesus" and "Christ" -- which compose the Sacred Name. []

**Questions**
1. Explain the origin of the name (a) Jesus and (b) Christ. 2. Use the scripture quotes in the reading (a) find 5 Scripture passages and write out the whole quote (b) Who was Josephus? 3. Give the Latin name for (a) Jesus and (b) Christ 4. How did the title 'Christian' develop?

1)** The word jesus is the latin form of the greek lesous, which is the turn is the transliteration of the hebrew jeshua, or joshua or again jehoshua, meaning ' jehovah is salvation '. the name frequently comes up in the old testament. - Romans ( 16:21 ) Salute Ampliatus, most beloved to me in the Lord. - Mathew ( 1:2 ) Abraham begot Issac. And Issac begot Jacob. Jacob begot Judas and his brethern. - Mathew ( 1:21 ) And she shall bring forth a sin : and thou shalt call his name jesus. - Acts ( 10:1 ) And there was certain in Caesarea, named Cornelius, a centurnion of that which is called the italian band . - Josephus Flavius was a jewish historian, born A.D. 37, in jerusalem he died at the age of 101. he belonged to a distinguished family, with many priests within that family. the families paternal ancestors including himself trace back 5 generations.
 * __Origins of the name of Jesus__
 * 2)**
 * -** Luke ( 3:29 ). For now the axe is laid to the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that bringeth not forth good fruit shall be cut down and cast into the fire.
 * 3)**
 * a)** The latin name for Jesus is Lesous.
 * b)** The latin name for Christ is Christus.


 * 4)** In the begining followers of Jesus Christ were called christians in antioch ( acts 11:26 ) because their because of their behaviour they were speeking and acting just like Jesus Christ.

**[|**The Holy Name of Jesus**]**
We give honour to the Name of Jesus, because it reminds us of all the blessings we receive through our Holy Redeemer. [] Questions 1. Use this reading to outline why the name of Jesus is holy. 2. What role have the various Popes (Urban IV, John XXIII, Clement XIII and Benedict XIII) played in ensuring the name of Jesus is holy. 3. Why is IHS significant for Christians?

1)** Jesus the name is known to be very holy and important, not because we believe the words have power to them, but because it reminds us of the blessings and sacrafice which Jesus left us with.
 * __The holy names of Jesus__
 * 2)** 0ver the years each and every pope has played a very important role in making the name of jesus holy by placing significance on the name throught prayer and blessings.
 * 3)** IHS is important to the Roman christains because of when in the medieval times they were the initials givin to Jesus Christ.

**[|**Early Historical Documents Concerning Jesus Christ**]**
In this article, we discuss the ancient historical documents -- pagan, Jewish, and Christian -- referring to Christ's life and work. [] Questions 1. Outline what **//pagan//** sources say about Jesus? 2. Outline what **__Tacitius__** has to say about Jesus? 3. Describe what Pliny the Younger says about Jesus? 4. Describe Josephus' understanding of Jesus. 5. Outline what Christian sources say about Jesus?

1) _** The jewish religion was known or accused to be a supertious race. ( if we beieve horace ) . _ To most pagans in this peroid of time the god which the jewish people belived in was unknown and unintelligible. _ The christain religion had often been confounded with one of many sects that had spung up from judaism, which could not excite the interest of the pagan spectato. _ The jews in whose midst christanitiy had taken its origin were depersed among and hated by all the pagan nations.
 * __Answers__
 * 2)** What Tacitius said about Jesus was that Jesus was the founder of the christian religion and a deadly supersitition in the eyes of the romans.
 * 3)** Pliny the younger said about Jesus was that he wonders how to treat the christians in jurisdiction. the governor of bithynia consults his iperial majesty on the issue.
 * 4)** Josephus understanding of Jesus was that jesus was a wise man if indeed it is right to call him man, for he was a worker of astonishing deeds, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with joy. Josephus could not represent Jesus as a simple moralist.
 * 5)** Christains love their lord, it is reflected by the bible refrences.

**[|**Chronology of the Life of Christ**]**
In this article, we shall endeavour to establish the absolute and relative chronology of our Lord's life [] Questions 1. Construct a Time line of the Chronology of the life of Jesus. Ensure that you attribute a scripture passage to each point on the time line. __power point notes__ :

4 BCE- Jesus was born, The Nativity Matthew (2:1) 27 CE –Jesus begins his public ministry -know that he was highly educated Luke 3:1 Here in the years between Jesus teaches the people. 30 CE Last supper and Crucifixion of Jesus. Jesus died on Friday Mark 15:42. Jesus carried his cross to the place of execution. Jesus rose again and when the women went to the tomb they were met by an angel that told them so. POWERPOINT NOTES: · C4 Christ was born BCE · 27 CE (AD) beginning of the public life of Christ –know that he was highly educated · 30 CE (AD) crucifixion of Christ · 45 CE (AD) St Paul begins his journey –bible starts to be developed · 51 CE (AD) council of the apostle held in Jerusalem · 64 CE (AD) first persecutions of Christians by Roman Emperor Nero and martyrdom St Peter and St Paul. Peter and Paul were crucified upside down because they believed they weren’t as good as Jesus · 0 CE (AD) Destruction of Jerusalem after Jewish revolt fails (Destruction of the temples) Christianity starts to take off. · 95-312 CE (AD) Persecution of Christians by Romans (feed to the Lions) · 312 CE (AD) The conversion of the Emperor Constantine. Constantine declares that Roman will become Christians because Constantine had a vision to do with war and changed it. Rome changed from polytheism to monotheism · 313 CE (AD) edict of Milan by Emperor Constantine provides for freedom of religious practice. · 325 CE (AD) First council of Nicea and formulation of the Nicene Creed –argue if Christ was human, divine or both. · 335 CE (AD) St Basil writes his rules of how a Christian monk should live · 387 CE (AD) St Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, baptizes the adult St Augustine **-**Augustine’s mother prayer for him to be saved. · 432 St Patrick mission to Ireland called to convert pagans to Christianity · 570 CE (AD) Birth of Mohammed · 637 CE (AD) Fall of Jerusalem to Muslims · 800 CE (AD) Charlemagne crowned · 900 CE (AD) Christians invaded Spain and killed all Muslims. Christians re-conquest of Spain commences · 1054 CE (AD) Division of Christianity into east and west – statement over Nicene Creed –filioque statements caused the split.

**[|**The Character of Jesus Christ**]**
Here we consider the character of Jesus as manifested first in His relation to men, then in His relation to God. [] Questions 1. From the section 'Divinity of Jesus' what is your understanding of the Divinity of Jesus.

**[|**The Mystery of the Incarnation**]**
The Incarnation is the mystery and dogma of the Word made Flesh. [] Questions 1. Outline the Nature of the Incarnation as described in Section II 2. Outline the effects of the incarnation on Christ Himself (Section III) 3. Define The Incarnation. 1)** We have treated the fact of the Incarnation, that is, the fact of the Divine nature of Jesus, the fact of the Human nature of Jesus, the fact of the union of these two natures in Jesus.
 * __The mystery of the incarnation__


 * 2)** Catholics hold that, before the Resurrection, the Body of Christ was subject to all the bodily weaknesses to which human nature unassumed is universally subject; such are hunger, thirst, pain, death. Christhungered ( Mathew 4:2), thirsted ) (John 19:28), was fatigued (John 4:6), suffered pain and death.

. My definition of incarnation is when you die that you come back to life in a different type of form E.G. butterfly or a fish**.**
 * 3)**

**[|**The Resurrection of Jesus Christ**]**
Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. In this article, we shall treat of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, including its characteristics and importance [] Questions 1. Construct a Table of Facts about the Resurrection of Jesus. 2. List 5 Scripture passages that support the Resurrection of Jesus. 3. Choose ONE opposing THEORY and outline the central ideas of this theory.

**[|**Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus**]**
Devotion to the Sacred Heart is but a special form of devotion to Jesus [] Questions 1. Explain the concept of devotion in relation to Christianity. 2. Outline the historical ideas on the development of devotion.

**[|**Christology**]**
Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. In its full extent it comprises the doctrines concerning both the person of Christ and His works; but in the present article we shall limit ourselves to a consideration of the person of Christ []

Questions
1. Outline Pauline Christology in dot points 2. Outline Christ's divinity in Pauline epistles. 3 In point form LIST the Christology of Catholic epistles. = = =ENSURE you add you answers to your WIKI during EACH lesson.=

1) monotheism is the belief in one god and one god only, has no shape or form and who is the creator of the universe. 2)the moral law is to love your God and to love your neighbour as you would yourself. this is found in ( deuteronmy 6:5 ) “ love the lord your god with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your strength ' combined with ' love your neighbour as you would yourself ' ( levticus 19: 18. 3)the main belief of the covenant is that it has been declared that the jewish people or the jewish adhearent are the choosen ones and in return for being faithful and obeident to yehweh and by being adhearent to the mitzvot they will receive the blessings and protections of God. An example of this is the first mitzvot which is God telling adam to go forward and multiply. the covenants lead the jewish people closer to God, by having children the jews are for filling the first mitzvot by keeping the religion alive. category B 1.5 – 2 minutes attributes of yehweh are : god exists( was there on there with Abrahma on his journey to flea the Israelities from Egypt ), god is one, god is the creator of everything, god is incorporeal, god is neither female nor male, god is omnipresent ( helped abraham when he needed to cross the sea ), god is omnipotent ( the 10 plagues ), god is omniscient
 * category A 60 seconds

1.mitzvot 1-3 ask the jews to relate to god, while mitzvot 4-10 ask the jewish people to relate to man. the jewish people believe in the moral law which is to love your god and to love your nieghbour as yourself, because the jews love their god that is why they are adhearants of the mitzvot and choose to uphold all the 613 mitzvot. because the jews love their god they will not steal, gossip about one another, drink alcohol, take drugs, comit suicide, euthanasia or abortion the jewish people dont do these things because they love their God. 2. the main belief of the covenant is that you must be adhearent and obidient towards God, you must also love your neighbour as you would yourself meaning you must not covet your neighbours house, wife, male servant, female servant, ox, donkey or anything of your neighbours. in the taroh is the demand to observe the sabbath. the taroh states ' and thou shall remember that thou was a servant in the land of egypt, and the lord thy god brought thee out there by all mighty hand and out streached arm, therefore the lord commanded thee to keep the sabbath day. category C 2 – 3 minutes

1) the jewish people belive that yahweh, the messier created the universe and everything in it. the jews believe that god/yahweh will come again but in order for that to happen they must be perfect and make the universe a better place by following and upholding the mitzvot. yahweh is continually involoved because of the mitzvot. 2) because the jewish people believe in the moral law that means that they must uphold all the 613 mitzvot which mean that they can not drink alcohol, gossip about one another, take drugs, comit euthanasia, sucide or steal anything, because a jewish person cant steal they may not watch pirated movies/ dvds or download music off the website lime wire as it is classified as stealing. 3) shabbat is the seventh day of rest ( judaism's magnificent invention ) this is a day in which the routines of work are abandoned and time seems to become a different dimension. when the sun goes down on friday to when the stars come up on saturday we get ride of the everyday systems of communication, disconect the clocks that run our lives and we celebrate as a community and take in the delight of the whole creation. on shabbat the jewish people celebrate time rather that space as it is during the usual six days a week we live under or around space. durind shabbat the jews also remember the past they need to remember that past because it is intergenerational meaning the faith passes from one to another. shabbat is keeping god alive because on shabbat the jews try to become attuned to the holiness in time. because of shabbat the jews are making the world a better place by concentrating on the wonderful and holy things that is creation, by taking time out of their lives to become relieved of the daily stresses to celebrate, rest and to be adhearent to the mitzvot they are keeping the belief that God will come again because they are making the world a better place with the help of shabbat. shabbat isnt the only thing but it is a helping hand in keeping God alive

homework 14/5/09** - Moses was born ( the hebrews we still slaves in egypt ). - Moses kills an egyptian and escapes to Midian. - Moses marries a women named Zippoarh. - Moses with the help of his brother confront the pharaoh about letting his jewish people go, the pharaoh declined moses offer and as a result of that 10 plagues soon followed. - Moses leads the jewish people out of egypt out of salvery and across the red sea. - God gives moses water from the rock. - Moses reaches mt sinai and recieves the commandmants from god. - While moses was at the top of the mountain the jewish people make an idol in that shape of a bull. when moses finds out he breaks the stones which the commandments are writting on because of his discust and recieves a new set of commandments from god. - God give moses instructions about turning the tribe into priest to serve the ancient tents. - Moses is rebeled against by Dathan, Abriam and Korath. - To help the people which were bitten by wild snakes moses created a bronze snake. - Moses recieves the most important commandment from god. - Moses blesses the tribes of Israel - Moses passes away. __WHY IS MOSES SIGNIFICANT IN JEWISH HISTORY ??__ In jewish history moses is such a significant figure because =homework 12/5/09= abraham was the first patriarch, he lead the israelities out of egypt and also out of slaverly. abraham the introduced the 10 laws or comandments to his people the israelities which they were to live by. a covenant ( b'rit ) is an agreement or promise made between man and man or as in some cases as in this one, a promise between god and man and that man was abraham. god has made many b'rits between himself and abraham, the jewish people have acknowledged the b'rit as their way of life ( what they live by and what they live for ). at the centre of the jewish tradition is a b'rit ( covenant ) and the understanding which the jewish people have of this b'rit is that if they believe in one god and one god only, no other idols or animals and also obey the 10 laws ( comandments ) they have been promised land this land stretchs from egypt to modern day iraq.
 * homework 11/5/09**
 * homework 9/5/09**

Learning Preperation. Wk 2 Wednesday 6th May.

SST. B'rit. Gemara Ketuvim Mishnah Neviim Talmud Tenach Torah Yad.

**//__abraham 300 words__//**
according to jewish tradition abraham was born under the name abram in the city of Ur,( which is now the modern day iraq ) in 1800bce. he was the son of terach a well respected man within the society as he was an idol merchant. as a young fella abraham was raised to believe in the idols which his father created. abram was still a young kid when he began to question his fathers beliefs, he had questions but he also wanted answers and some enough abram came the the belief that the universe was created by one single god rather than many different idols or gods. whilst still a young fella on a number of acasions abraham tried to convince his father that he was wrong and that believing in these idols or so called gods was folly( pethetic). abraham couldnt find a way to convice his father that he was wrong so one day abraham came up with a brilliant idea and that was to destory every idol which his father had or created besides the biggest one he left this one with a hammer resting on it. when his father finally came home and found this mess he asked abraham how did this happen and abram replied the idols got into a fight and destoryed each other, his father then said dont be rediculious these idols couldnt do this they have no life no power abram the repiled then why do you worship them his father had nothing to say abraham had finally gotten his piont or his belief across. when abraham was a young boy he had this connection with god, the god in which he believed in. god called upon abram and made him an offer. the offer was that god had promissed abraham land if he were to follow the B,rit ( the covenant) between himself and god. god asked abram to change his named to abraham ,which he did. abraham grew up and married a beautiful women named sarah. abraham wanted children but his wife sarah was past the age of having a baby so she let abraham have a son with hayga her servant. the boys name was ishmel, eventually sarah was able to give birth to a baby boy because of god and he was named isaac, isaac was made out of love. one day god decided to test abrahams faith to him. he asked abraham to sacrifice his own sone for him which abraham was prepared and willing to do but this was only a test and god stop the sacrifice before anyone was hurt. abraham had now provin wit faith to god and for that he was reward. abraham had many wifes and was reffered to as a hebrew, abraham lived in the city but after a while became a nomodic and just wondered the country side.

.. Use the word **__adhearant__** to gain more marks, **__adhearant__** means follower.

=Tom's Learning Page= How can man become more peaceful? Is peace a state of mind? How do we challenge people's view of the world?

yes peace is a state of mind, its all in your head you don,t have to be a millionare to be happy. most people just need a healthy happy family,that happyness will reflect on you and create happyness for yourself in some ways happyness is peace. man can become more peaceful by having a happy healthy and stable life, if you want to have more peace in your life you don,t need to do anything drastic you just have to have a happy healthy stable surroundings. we challenge peoples believes and views because there are many different opinions of the world and also many different believes so when one person has a belief there is always another person out there who has a different opinion and doesnt agree so they challenge that persons beliefs to see what they have to say, they challenge them by asking them questions and forcing them to defend there religion.

1. **what are the main beliefs of your religion (at least five)**
the main beliefs of our religion are that you must follow and believe in our god, we believe that every part of our god symbolizes something for example the head symbolizes wisdom and thoughts. we also in believe in rest on the 6th and 7th day of the week these days are free you can do almost whatever you want on those days. we believe that our god created the earth and everything natural on it. we also believe that our god is perfect he/she has no imperfections.

2. what identifying symbols does your religion have?
in our religion every part of our gods body represents something important and different to the other parts of the body. the head represents thoughts and wisdom, the arms represent strength, the chest represents love and effection, the stomach represents new life and the legs represent every type of relationship eg friendship, marriage and family.

3. how do these symbols express the beliefs of your religion?
7. important occasions are celebrated with love and happy tears, we have a positive religion looking at the hard facts of why the person died. in our religion we are not negative so things like death are celebrated and death is thought of as a reason why god took us at this time. for example if someone dies yonug its taking as a reason for god wanted to take the person at a young age.

8. looking up to our god is important in our religion, our gods body is formed into sections which are made up to make the pefrect god the god no one may be but the god everyone should aim to be. the important parts of our god. strength, friendship, love, thoughts and newlife. following our god gives everyone the right direction to head in life to be strong and loving. have friendship love thy nabour.

in this task me and my group could have been more prepared and should have done more work than we did. i wasnt to happy with the result but im sure that next time we will do a lot better. 

 

  Aboriginal spirituality 1. when you use it to describe something which is associated with the aboriginal culture. " aboriginal dancing " for example. 2. when you are refering to a spacific group of aboringinal people. 3.Aborigines believe that the term " aboriginal " refers to a non excistent person or group of Aborigines. they prefer the term " Aborigine " 4. terra nullius means land which belongs to no one. when captain cook first came to australia he declaired australia to be a terra nullius. 5.  belief system - the creation stories/ known as the dreaming. - these stories have/ were passed down through generations. - there is a story behind every creation. - the land was there home.

 behaviours - the aboriginal people were still the nomadic or semi- nomadic way of life when the british inavanded and claimed the land. - the were many different groups or tribes up to 250 at one stage, which each had their own languages. - there were body paintings, drawings, artworks, cultural/ tribal dances.

 the dreaming - is a feeling o belief which lies within you, and lets you become a part of the enviroment around you. - the aboriginal view of creation is the begining and creation of everything. - it explains the creation of the universe, the enviroment which the aborigines lived in and it also shapes or structures the aboriginal cultures. - the aborigines believe that all objects are living are share the same soul and spirit. only the appearance is different ( physical appearance ). - after our physical body is gone our spirit lives on and in rebirth into a new living object.
 * __art, stories, songs and sacred objects__**

this painting relates to the site of warlukurlangu south of yuendumu. it tells the story of a blue tongue lizard man who sets fire to the surrounding countryside to pursue and punish his two sons, who refused to share the kangaroo which they had killed. - camp site, water hole - man - fire, smoke, water , blood - two men sitting - rain - four women sitting - water running between two water holes - a resting place - footprints 1. Metamorphises:** The theory that an ancestor is transformed into a material object. This is linked with "the highest mountain peak in Australia is said to be the body of a man."
 * THE LAND

The imprints of an ancestors body, shaping the earth and environment with their feet as they travelled the world.
 * Imprinting:**

when an ancestor dies they take an object out of their body. The formation of Lake Eyre occurred when a boy killed a kangaroo, extracted the skin and transported it to his on country. He placed it on the ground which formed a lake.
 * Externalization:**

1. metamorphosis: when she puts the heart in the ground and it becomes a waratah. 2. imprint: when she put her heart into the ground she in crying and her tears become the rivers and lakes. 3 exterlalisation : were in the waratah story she takes her heart out.

Question 2 - Land Assessment for Learning Task 1 Define the supernatural dimension of religion. (2 marks) the supernatural dimension is trancendent from our world. its something beyond the relms of our world. we dont know that it is there for sure but we choose to belief. this power/ spirit / supernatural dimension seems to violate or go beyond the natural forces.
 * Nature of Religion**
 * 35 marks – 10%**
 * Short Answer Questions**: //Nature of Religion (15 marks)//

List five (5) the characteristics of religion (5 marks) - symbols - beliefs - rituals - sacred stories

Outline how the characteristics of religion interact to provide a living religion (3 marks) - With the use of these characteristics the aborigines were able to follow their religion very easly. They have there symbols which they worship and their beliefs which they follow and have faith in, their rituals ( dancing, cerimonies etc ) which they participate in. And finally their sacred stories which are passed down through generation to generation.

Describe the contribution of religion makes towards society (3 marks) religion is our way of life it is how we see ourselves and each other to have a place within this world. religion is how we see the world it is our beleifs and our faith.

Define transcendent (1 mark) transcedent is something or someone beyond the natural world, a spirit for example god.

Define immanent (1 mark) god is the phenomena of the material world. immanent is the inner aspects of spirtually, it is inside you.


 * Short Answer Questions**: Aboriginal Spirituality (20 marks)

Outline the importance of the dreaming for Aboriginal spirituality. (4 marks) the dreaming is the aborigine way of life, without it the aborigines wouldnt be the aborigines. the dreaming is their way and beliefs about how the universe and our world was created. it is their way of life from the past to the present and into the future. the ( how the world was created ), the present ( their way of life, culture and rituals ) , the future it explains what happens to us once we our spirit passes on.

Explain the inextricable connection of the Dreaming, the land and identity to Aboriginal Spirituality. (4 marks) - the connection of the dreaming to the land and the aboriginal spirituality is so inextricable because the aborigines cant have the dreaming without the land they can not be sparated. the dreaming revolves around the land and the aboriginal spiritually. you cant not have one without the other.

Describe the importance of art and symbol within Aboriginal Spirituality. art and symbols within the aboriginal spiritually are important because it is their way of tells stories and talking to people. this is the way that they religion and memories have been past down from generation to generation. (4 marks) - the art and symbols which are in the aboriginal culture are every important because the aborigine art is created in many different ways ( body art, paintings etc ) are part of the creation stories which are linked with the dreaming.

Define the following (a) Metamorphosis (b) Imprinting (c) Externalization in relation to the land. (3 marks)

- //__metamorphosis:__// the theory that an ancestor is transformed into a material object. this is linked with the highest mountain peek in australia is said to be the body of a man. - //__imprinting:__// the imprints of an ancestors body, shaping the earth and enviroment with their feet as they travelled the world. - //__externalization:__// when an ancestor dies they take an object of their body.the formation of lake Eyre occured when a boy killed a kangaroo, extracted the skin and transported it to his own country. he place it on the ground which created a lake.

Outline the impact of the " stolen generation " on aboriginal spirituality. (5 marks) - all over australia mainly half casts were taken from their homes and families without their own consent. they were torchered, rapped and many more terrible things happened in this period. because of this the aboriginal culture to this very day is still struggling to understand what and why this happened, why this tormatic suffering accoured. while watching this film i become very angry and was discussted at the things i heard and saw. the aboriginie people were not treated as humans, now days animals are treated alot better than what the aborigies were delt with. i feel really sorry for the aboriginal for what happened back then and now i really understand why the aborigianl people were so angry about what happened all those years ago. no one deserves to be treated the way that these poor aboriginie people were and i am both discussted and assahmed for what happened back then. to think that people were so stupid and thought that they could, tourcher , rape and wipe out a whole race of people and get away with it thinking that it was ok and the right think to do is just beyond my belief.
 * __learning preparation__**



** ACIENT GREEK PRINCIPAL BELIEFS: Fate ** That Greek religion was polytheistic is clear, but it also incorporated concepts that could be said to resemble an Ultimate Reality. Even Zeus, the mightiest of all gods, was subject to the powerful force of Destiny or Fate. The Delphic Oracle told Lyidan inquirers that "no one, not even the god, can escape his appointed fate." At the same time, however, the Olympians regularly directed the fate of human beings and one of Zeus' many epithets was Moiragetes, "guide of fate." Fate, while not a personal god, was nevertheless "half-personal because so clearly moralistic." In Greek philosophy, this concept of a Supreme Law or Ulimate Reality was much more emphasized, often at the expense of traditional beliefs about the gods.

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**The Universe**
The ancient Greeks viewed the earth as a flat disk floating on the river of Ocean. In Plato's//Timaeus//, the world is treated as a living thing, with body and soul. The primary source for the ancient Greek creation myth is Hesiod's //Theogony//. According to this account, four divine beings first came into existence: Chaos, the Abyss, Earth (Gaea) and Love (Eros). Then the world came into existence when Earth was forcibly separated from her consort Heaven (Uranus) for a time so that she might give birth. To effect this separation, Uranus' genitals were severed by his son Cronus (the father of Zeus) and thrown into the sea, from which rose Aphrodite.

**Spirits, Monsters and Other Mythological Beings**
Another aspect of Greek religion worth mentioning is the set of mythological and sometimes monstrous creatures that populate its myths, the most notable being the following:
 * Amazons - race of female warriors
 * Keres - evil female spirits
 * Medusa –a winged female monster with hair made of snakes.
 * Satyrs – half-man, half-goat nature spirits who dwelled in woods and mountains and were lusty followers of Dionysus
 * Centaurs – half-man, half-horse creatures who were wild and lawless but possessed cultural knowledge
 * Sirens -
 * Typhon - represents disorder and devastation

**Human Nature and Purpose of Life**
Plato emphasized the existence of a soul that is separate and distinct from the body. He also insisted on its natural immortality. Religiously speaking, the most important thing to do in life is believe in the gods and perform the proper sacrifices and rituals. This would avoid reprisals both from gods and fellow human beings and encourage gifts from the gods. Greek religion was this-world oriented; any postmortem benefits of religious beliefs and actions were only peripherally considered, if at all.

**Death and the Afterlife**
"I'd rather be a day-laborer on earth working for a man of little property than lord of all the hosts of the dead." --Achilles, in //The Iliad// As illustrated by the above remark by the hero Achilles, death was not a glorius thing for the ancient Greeks. In Homer's epics, the dead are "pathetic in their helplessness, inhabiting drafty, echoing halls, deprived of their wits, and flitting purposelessly about uttering batlike noises."[|5] While undesirable when compared with life on earth, this vague, shadowing existence was not generally cause for fear of the afterlife. Only terrible sinners (like Tantalus, Tityus and Sisyphus) were punished after death; similarly, only a select few ended up in the paradisical Elysian Fields. With the rare exceptions mentioned above, Hades was the universal destination of the dead in Greek religion until the latter half of the 5th century BCE. Hades was a cold, damp and dark realm that was guarded by the god of the same name. The "gates of Hades" were guaded by the fearsome hound Cerberus, who wags his tail for new arrivals but does not allow anyone to leave. Without proper burial, one cannot enter the gates of Hades. The river Styx is the boundary between earth and Hades, but Hades has other rivers as well (e.g. Phlegethon, Acheron, Cocytus). A similar concept is found in Japanese Buddhism in the Sanzu River, which the dead must cross on the way to the afterlife. In Greek religion, Tartarus was the deepest region of the underworld, lower than Hades. Hesiod wrote that it would take an anvil nine days to fall from heaven to earth and another nine to fall from earth to Tartarus. Hades, not Tartarus, is the place of the dead but some especially wicked characters have been imprisoned in Tartarus to be punished. It is where Sisyphus, thief and murderer, must repeatedly push a boulder up a hill for eternity; where Ixion, who killed his father-in-law, is attached to a flaming wheel; and where Tantalus is kept just out of reach of cool water and grapes for sharing the secrets of the gods with humans. Tartarus is also where monsters and other enemies have been cast after being defeated by the gods, including the Cyclopes, the Titans and Typhus. In Roman mythology, Tartarus was the eternal destination of sinners in general. Elysium (also called Elysian Fields or Elysian Plain) was a paradise inhabited at first only by the very distinguished, but later by the good. Elysium first appears in Homer's Odyssey as the destination of Menelaus. It is located at the western ends of the earth and is characterized by gentle breezes and an easy life like that of the gods. Closely related to Elysium is Hesiod's Isles of the Blessed, mentioned in his //Works and Days//, which was located in the western ocean. The notion that the human soul enters another body upon death, though unfamiliar in popular Greek religion, was widespread in Greek philosophy. The doctrine of transmigration is first associated with the Pythagoreans and Orphics and was later taught by Plato (//Phaedo//,//Republic//) and Pindar (//Olympian//). For the former groups, the soul retained its identity throughout its reincarnations; Plato indicated that souls do not remember their previous experiences. Although Herodotus claims that the Greeks learned this idea from Egypt, most scholars do not believe it came either from Egypt or from India, but developed independently. Greek Religion The ancient Greeks were a deeply religious people. They worshipped many gods whom they believed appeared in human form and yet were endowed with superhuman strength and ageless beauty. The Iliad and the Odyssey, our earliest surviving examples of Greek literature, record men's interactions with various gods and goddesses whose characters and appearances underwent little change in the centuries that followed. The Greeks attributed these epic narratives to Homer, a poet living at the end of the 8th century BC Each Greek city was normally under the protection of one or more individual deities who were worshipped with special emphasis, as, for example, Athens and the goddess Athena. While many sanctuaries honored more than a single god, usually one deity such as Zeus at Olympia or a closely linked pair of deities like Demeter and her daughter Persephone at Eleusis dominated the cult place. Elsewhere in the arts, various painted scenes on vases, and stone, terracotta and bronze sculptures portray the major gods and goddesses. The deities are depicted either by themselves or in traditional mythological situations in which they interact with humans and a broad range of minor deities, demi-gods and legendary characters.
 * Hades**
 * Tartarus**
 * Elysium**
 * Reincarnation**

mr pate can you please explain pionts 6 and 7 for the asignment ?? also piont 4 ?

Adams presentation reflection

every egyptian would pray to the gods every day this was part of there morals and ethics. there were many and every different gods who each had their own separate temple. the egyptian creation story began with an egg.

adams presentation was well presented it was very detailed and it keep me interested. i believe that adam produced a good presentation.

Sarah jane presentation reflection

over 100000 shrines in japan, north and west are considered as unlucky regions. in my opinion i believe that sarah,s presentation was also well presenteted, it was easy to follow which made it easier for me to learn a few things about the religion.

jessica had a interesting presentation. for me it was hard to follow because she was always stoping and starting, the presentation didnt flow.

jacintas presentation was very good. it was easy to follow and i found it very easy to learn and pickup points about the religion.

//__moses infancy__// 1) moses mother placed him in a basket and sent him along the nile river. 2) the princess of egypt the pharaohs daughter found him crying and adopted him.
3) moses grew up around the kings and queens of egypt and was raised to become the egyptian prince. 4) the hebrow maid who then passed moses over to the pharaohs daughter and royal family. __teenager__ 1) he played with hot coal in his mouth when he was a baby. __adult__ 1) he murdered an egyprtian slave driver/ overseer 2) because of this moses fled to midian 3) moses started to fight agianst injustice, he married tziipporah and became a shepherd for his fathers in lawas flock. 4) because god felt that he was the right man or right person to free the jewish people/ slaves . what did god ask of moses? to take of his shoes, free the jewish people from the egptains and lead them into the land that god promised to give to the descendants of abraham. why did moses hesitate ?? moses hesitated because he felt that he was just an ordinary man who coundnt forfill the duties which god had asked of him. who did god send to help?? god sent moses brother aaron to help what did moses do ?? moses asked the king to set his people free after that didnt happen 7days of plague followed. events of the passover ?? moses called the israelite leaders together and told them to tell every father to kill a healthy young lamb or goat from his flock, after the animal is killed you must put some of its blood on the front door and doorsteps in the shape of an x. this is to symbolise to god that you have obeyed his orders and he will keep you safe from the angel of death and will not harm your family. you must then cook the meat from the animal and eat it, this is known as the passover feast. what is the meaning of the passover ?? it is a jewish and samaritan holy day and festival celebrateing the hebrew escape from enslavement, its also about remembereing that god will keep us safe as long as we obey him. the israelities at home ?? they stayed home and at a delicious feast prepared by the mothers of lamb, as they sat down to eat i they kept on their outside cloths. the first born egyptain ?? in every egyptain home the first born was killed. action taken by the king ??the king released all the jewish slaves.

Learning Preperation. Wk 2 Wednesday 6th May.

SST. B'rit. Gemara Ketuvim Mishnah Neviim Talmud Tenach Torah Yad.

**//__abraham 300 words__//**
according to jewish tradition abraham was born under the name abram in the city of Ur,( which is now the modern day iraq ) in 1800bce. he was the son of terach a well respected man within the society as he was an idol merchant. as a young fella abraham was raised to believe in the idols which his father created. abram was still a young kid when he began to question his fathers beliefs, he had questions but he also wanted answers and some enough abram came the the belief that the universe was created by one single god rather than many different idols or gods. whilst still a young fella on a number of acasions abraham tried to convince his father that he was wrong and that believing in these idols or so called gods was folly( pethetic). abraham couldnt find a way to convice his father that he was wrong so one day abraham came up with a brilliant idea and that was to destory every idol which his father had or created besides the biggest one he left this one with a hammer resting on it. when his father finally came home and found this mess he asked abraham how did this happen and abram replied the idols got into a fight and destoryed each other, his father then said dont be rediculious these idols couldnt do this they have no life no power abram the repiled then why do you worship them his father had nothing to say abraham had finally gotten his piont or his belief across. when abraham was a young boy he had this connection with god, the god in which he believed in. god called upon abram and made him an offer. the offer was that god had promissed abraham land if he were to follow the B,rit ( the covenant) between himself and god. god asked abram to change his named to abraham ,which he did. abraham grew up and married a beautiful women named sarah. abraham wanted children but his wife sarah was past the age of having a baby so she let abraham have a son with hayga her servant. the boys name was ishmel, eventually sarah was able to give birth to a baby boy because of god and he was named isaac, isaac was made out of love. one day god decided to test abrahams faith to him. he asked abraham to sacrifice his own sone for him which abraham was prepared and willing to do but this was only a test and god stop the sacrifice before anyone was hurt. abraham had now provin wit faith to god and for that he was reward. abraham had many wifes and was reffered to as a hebrew, abraham lived in the city but after a while became a nomodic and just wondered the country side.

.. Use the word **__adhearant__** to gain more marks, **__adhearant__** means follower. **Tom your information on Moses is developing well. The next step is to write a 100 word outline of the life of Abraham using the scaffold designed in class. By posting the SST you will also deepen your understanding of the Jewish religion. SST is the basis of the assessment task.**

=**Celtic – Wednesday 1 April SDL**= =**Useful Web Sites for this study**:=

Celtic Culture: http://www.joellessacredgrove.com/Celtic/history.html#history Celtic Mythology: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Mythology The Religion of the Ancient Celts: http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/ An on-line book by J. A. MacCulloch [1911] Celtic art site: http://gate.cia.edu/cbergengren/arthistory/celtic/ Celtic Religion: http://www.draeconin.com/database/celtreli.htm What we don’t know about the Ancient Celts: http://www.conjure.com/whocelts.html

=**Activity Origins of the Celts**=

• Using the Web Links above and below answer the following questions on your WIKI • 1. Describe celtic culture • 2. Recount ONE (1) Celtic Myth • 3. Outline the basic elements of the Celtic Religion • 4. Explain the New Order of the Druids

=**Support Material**:= http://gate.cia.edu/cbergengren/arthistory/celtic/ What we don’t know about the Ancient Celts: http://www.conjure.com/whocelts.html Celtic Culture: http://www.joellessacredgrove.com/Celtic/history.html#history Celtic Mythology: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Mythology The New Order of Druids: http://www.druidcircle.net/ click on “Celtic tradition”.